sqlite
Khóa học miễn phí SQLite – Operators nhận dự án làm có lương
SQLite – Operators
What is an Operator in SQLite?
An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQLite statement”s WHERE clause to perform operation(s), such as comparisons and arithmetic operations.
Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQLite statement and to serve as conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement.
- Arithmetic operators
- Comparison operators
- Logical operators
- Bitwise operators
SQLite Arithmetic Operators
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then SQLite arithmetic operators will be used as follows −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + (Addition) | Adds values on either side of the operator | a + b will give 30 |
| – (Subtraction) | Subtracts the right hand operand from the left hand operand | a – b will give -10 |
| * (Multiplication) | Multiplies values on either side of the operator | a * b will give 200 |
| / (Division) | Divides the left hand operand by the right hand operand | b / a will give 2 |
| % (Modulus) | Divides the left hand operand by the right hand operand and returns the remainder | b % a will give 0 |
SQLite Comparison Operators
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then SQLite comparison operators will be used as follows
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| == | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then the condition becomes true. | (a == b) is not true. |
| = | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then the condition becomes true. | (a = b) is not true. |
| != | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true. | (a != b) is true. |
| <> | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true. | (a <> b) is true. |
| > | Checks if the values of the left operand is greater than the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true. | (a > b) is not true. |
| < | Checks if the values of the left operand is less than the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true. | (a < b) is true. |
| >= | Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true. | (a >= b) is not true. |
| <= | Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true. | (a <= b) is true. |
| !< | Checks if the value of the left operand is not less than the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true. | (a !< b) is false. |
| !> | Checks if the value of the left operand is not greater than the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true. | (a !> b) is true. |
SQLite Logical Operators
Here is a list of all the logical operators available in SQLite.
| Sr.No. | Operator & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 |
AND The AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL statement”s WHERE clause. |
| 2 |
BETWEEN The BETWEEN operator is used to search for values that are within a set of values, given the minimum value and the maximum value. |
| 3 |
EXISTS The EXISTS operator is used to search for the presence of a row in a specified table that meets certain criteria. |
| 4 |
IN The IN operator is used to compare a value to a list of literal values that have been specified. |
| 5 |
NOT IN The negation of IN operator which is used to compare a value to a list of literal values that have been specified. |
| 6 |
LIKE The LIKE operator is used to compare a value to similar values using wildcard operators. |
| 7 |
GLOB The GLOB operator is used to compare a value to similar values using wildcard operators. Also, GLOB is case sensitive, unlike LIKE. |
| 8 |
NOT The NOT operator reverses the meaning of the logical operator with which it is used. Eg. NOT EXISTS, NOT BETWEEN, NOT IN, etc. This is negate operator. |
| 9 |
OR The OR operator is used to combine multiple conditions in an SQL statement”s WHERE clause. |
| 10 |
IS NULL The NULL operator is used to compare a value with a NULL value. |
| 11 |
IS The IS operator work like = |
| 12 |
IS NOT The IS operator work like != |
| 13 |
|| Adds two different strings and make new one. |
| 14 |
UNIQUE The UNIQUE operator searches every row of a specified table for uniqueness (no duplicates). |
SQLite Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. Following is the truth table for & and |.
| p | q | p & q | p | q |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Assume if A = 60; and B = 13, then in binary format, they will be as follows −
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
—————–
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
~A = 1100 0011
The Bitwise operators supported by SQLite language are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| & | Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result, if it exists in both operands. | (A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100 |
| | | Binary OR Operator copies a bit, if it exists in either operand. | (A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101 |
| ~ | Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of ”flipping” bits. | (~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2”s complement form due to a signed binary number |
| << | Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000 |
| >> | Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111 |
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