Redis – Overview

Redis is an open source, advanced key-value store and an apt solution for building highperformance, scalable web applications.

Redis has three main peculiarities that sets it apart.

• Redis holds its database entirely in the memory, using the disk only for persistence.

• Redis has a relatively rich set of data types when compared to many key-value data stores.

• Redis can replicate data to any number of slaves.

Redis Advantages

Following are certain advantages of Redis.

• Exceptionally fast − Redis is very fast and can perform about 110000 SETs per second, about 81000 GETs per second.

• Supports rich data types − Redis natively supports most of the datatypes that developers already know such as list, set, sorted set, and hashes. This makes it easy to solve a variety of problems as we know which problem can be handled better by which data type.

• Operations are atomic − All Redis operations are atomic, which ensures that if two clients concurrently access, Redis server will receive the updated value.

• Multi-utility tool − Redis is a multi-utility tool and can be used in a number of use cases such as caching, messaging-queues (Redis natively supports Publish/Subscribe), any short-lived data in your application, such as web application sessions, web page hit counts, etc.

Redis Versus Other Key-value Stores

• Redis is a different evolution path in the key-value DBs, where values can contain more complex data types, with atomic operations defined on those data types.

• Redis is an in-memory database but persistent on disk database, hence it represents a different trade off where very high write and read speed is achieved with the limitation of data sets that can”t be larger than the memory.

• Another advantage of in-memory databases is that the memory representation of complex data structures is much simpler to manipulate compared to the same data structure on disk. Thus, Redis can do a lot with little internal complexity.

Redis – Environment

In this chapter, you will learn about the environmental setup for Redis.

Install Redis on Ubuntu

To install Redis on Ubuntu, go to the terminal and type the following commands −

$sudo apt-get update
$sudo apt-get install redis-server

This will install Redis on your machine.

Start Redis

$redis-server

Check If Redis is Working

$redis-cli

This will open a redis prompt.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379>

In the above prompt, 127.0.0.1 is your machine”s IP address and 6379 is the port on which Redis server is running. Now type the following PING command.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ping
PONG

This shows that Redis is successfully installed on your machine.

Install Redis Desktop Manager on Ubuntu

To install Redis desktop manager on Ubuntu, just download the package from

Open the downloaded package and install it.

Redis desktop manager will give you UI to manage your Redis keys and data.

Redis – Configuration

In Redis, there is a configuration file (redis.conf) available at the root directory of Redis. Although you can get and set all Redis configurations by Redis CONFIG command.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of Redis CONFIG command.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET CONFIG_SETTING_NAME

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET loglevel
1) "loglevel"
2) "notice"

To get all configuration settings, use * in place of CONFIG_SETTING_NAME

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET *
  1) "dbfilename"
  2) "dump.rdb"
  3) "requirepass"
  4) ""
  5) "masterauth"
  6) ""
  7) "unixsocket"
  8) ""
  9) "logfile"
 10) ""
 11) "pidfile"
 12) "/var/run/redis.pid"
 13) "maxmemory"
 14) "0"
 15) "maxmemory-samples"
 16) "3"
 17) "timeout"
 18) "0"
 19) "tcp-keepalive"
 20) "0"
 21) "auto-aof-rewrite-percentage"
 22) "100"
 23) "auto-aof-rewrite-min-size"
 24) "67108864"
 25) "hash-max-ziplist-entries"
 26) "512"
 27) "hash-max-ziplist-value"
 28) "64"
 29) "list-max-ziplist-entries"
 30) "512"
 31) "list-max-ziplist-value"
 32) "64"
 33) "set-max-intset-entries"
 34) "512"
 35) "zset-max-ziplist-entries"
 36) "128"
 37) "zset-max-ziplist-value"
 38) "64"
 39) "hll-sparse-max-bytes"
 40) "3000"
 41) "lua-time-limit"
 42) "5000"
 43) "slowlog-log-slower-than"
 44) "10000"
 45) "latency-monitor-threshold"
 46) "0"
 47) "slowlog-max-len"
 48) "128"
 49) "port"
 50) "6379"
 51) "tcp-backlog"
 52) "511"
 53) "databases"
 54) "16"
 55) "repl-ping-slave-period"
 56) "10"
 57) "repl-timeout"
 58) "60"
 59) "repl-backlog-size"
 60) "1048576"
 61) "repl-backlog-ttl"
 62) "3600"
 63) "maxclients"
 64) "4064"
 65) "watchdog-period"
 66) "0"
 67) "slave-priority"
 68) "100"
 69) "min-slaves-to-write"
 70) "0"
 71) "min-slaves-max-lag"
 72) "10"
 73) "hz"
 74) "10"
 75) "no-appendfsync-on-rewrite"
 76) "no"
 77) "slave-serve-stale-data"
 78) "yes"
 79) "slave-read-only"
 80) "yes"
 81) "stop-writes-on-bgsave-error"
 82) "yes"
 83) "daemonize"
 84) "no"
 85) "rdbcompression"
 86) "yes"
 87) "rdbchecksum"
 88) "yes"
 89) "activerehashing"
 90) "yes"
 91) "repl-disable-tcp-nodelay"
 92) "no"
 93) "aof-rewrite-incremental-fsync"
 94) "yes"
 95) "appendonly"
 96) "no"
 97) "dir"
 98) "/home/deepak/Downloads/redis-2.8.13/src"
 99) "maxmemory-policy"
100) "volatile-lru"
101) "appendfsync"
102) "everysec"
103) "save"
104) "3600 1 300 100 60 10000"
105) "loglevel"
106) "notice"
107) "client-output-buffer-limit"
108) "normal 0 0 0 slave 268435456 67108864 60 pubsub 33554432 8388608 60"
109) "unixsocketperm"
110) "0"
111) "slaveof"
112) ""
113) "notify-keyspace-events"
114) ""
115) "bind"
116) ""

Edit Configuration

To update configuration, you can edit redis.conf file directly or you can update configurations via CONFIG set command.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of CONFIG SET command.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG SET CONFIG_SETTING_NAME NEW_CONFIG_VALUE

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG SET loglevel "notice"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET loglevel
1) "loglevel"
2) "notice"

Redis – Data Types

Redis supports 5 types of data types.

Strings

Redis string is a sequence of bytes. Strings in Redis are binary safe, meaning they have a known length not determined by any special terminating characters. Thus, you can store anything up to 512 megabytes in one string.

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "tutorialspoint"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
"tutorialspoint"

In the above example, SET and GET are Redis commands, name is the key used in Redis and tutorialspoint is the string value that is stored in Redis.

Note − A string value can be at max 512 megabytes in length.

Hashes

A Redis hash is a collection of key value pairs. Redis Hashes are maps between string fields and string values. Hence, they are used to represent objects.

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HMSET user:1 username tutorialspoint password
tutorialspoint points 200
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HGETALL user:1
1) "username"
2) "tutorialspoint"
3) "password"
4) "tutorialspoint"
5) "points"
6) "200"

In the above example, hash data type is used to store the user”s object which contains basic information of the user. Here HMSET, HGETALL are commands for Redis, while user − 1 is the key.

Every hash can store up to 2³² – 1 field-value pairs (more than 4 billion).

Lists

Redis Lists are simply lists of strings, sorted by insertion order. You can add elements to a Redis List on the head or on the tail.

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> lpush tutoriallist redis
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> lpush tutoriallist mongodb
(integer) 2
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> lpush tutoriallist rabitmq
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> lrange tutoriallist 0 10

1) "rabitmq"
2) "mongodb"
3) "redis"

The max length of a list is 2³² – 1 elements (4294967295, more than 4 billion of elements per list).

Sets

Redis Sets are an unordered collection of strings. In Redis, you can add, remove, and test for the existence of members in O(1) time complexity.

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> sadd tutoriallist redis
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> sadd tutoriallist mongodb
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> sadd tutoriallist rabitmq
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> sadd tutoriallist rabitmq
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> smembers tutoriallist

1) "rabitmq"
2) "mongodb"
3) "redis"

Note − In the above example, rabitmq is added twice, however due to unique property of the set, it is added only once.

The max number of members in a set is 2³² – 1 (4294967295, more than 4 billion of members per set).

Sorted Sets

Redis Sorted Sets are similar to Redis Sets, non-repeating collections of Strings. The difference is, every member of a Sorted Set is associated with a score, that is used in order to take the sorted set ordered, from the smallest to the greatest score. While members are unique, the scores may be repeated.

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> zadd tutoriallist 0 redis
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> zadd tutoriallist 0 mongodb
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> zadd tutoriallist 0 rabitmq
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> zadd tutoriallist 0 rabitmq
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZRANGEBYSCORE tutoriallist 0 1000

1) "redis"
2) "mongodb"
3) "rabitmq"

Redis – Commands

Redis commands are used to perform some operations on Redis server.

To run commands on Redis server, you need a Redis client. Redis client is available in Redis package, which we have installed earlier.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of Redis client.

$redis-cli

Example

Following example explains how we can start Redis client.

To start Redis client, open the terminal and type the command redis-cli. This will connect to your local server and now you can run any command.

$redis-cli
redis 127.0.0.1:6379>
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PING
PONG

In the above example, we connect to Redis server running on the local machine and execute a command PING, that checks whether the server is running or not.

Run Commands on the Remote Server

To run commands on Redis remote server, you need to connect to the server by the same client redis-cli

Syntax

$ redis-cli -h host -p port -a password

Example

Following example shows how to connect to Redis remote server, running on host 127.0.0.1, port 6379 and has password mypass.

$redis-cli -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6379 -a "mypass"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379>
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PING
PONG

Redis – Keys

Redis keys commands are used for managing keys in Redis. Following is the syntax for using redis keys commands.

Syntax

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> COMMAND KEY_NAME

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET tutorialspoint redis
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DEL tutorialspoint
(integer) 1

In the above example, DEL is the command, while tutorialspoint is the key. If the key is deleted, then the output of the command will be (integer) 1, otherwise it will be (integer) 0.

Redis Keys Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to keys.

Redis – Strings

Redis strings commands are used for managing string values in Redis. Following is the syntax for using Redis string commands.

Syntax

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> COMMAND KEY_NAME

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET tutorialspoint redis
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET tutorialspoint
"redis"

In the above example, SET and GET are the commands, while tutorialspoint is the key.

Redis Strings Commands

Following table lists some basic commands to manage strings in Redis.

Redis – Hashes

Redis Hashes are maps between the string fields and the string values. Hence, they are the perfect data type to represent objects.

In Redis, every hash can store up to more than 4 billion field-value pairs.

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HMSET tutorialspoint name "redis tutorial"
description "redis basic commands for caching" likes 20 visitors 23000
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HGETALL tutorialspoint
1) "name"
2) "redis tutorial"
3) "description"
4) "redis basic commands for caching"
5) "likes"
6) "20"
7) "visitors"
8) "23000"

In the above example, we have set Redis tutorials detail (name, description, likes, visitors) in hash named ‘tutorialspoint’.

Redis Hash Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to hash.

Redis – Lists

Redis Lists are simply lists of strings, sorted by insertion order. You can add elements in Redis lists in the head or the tail of the list.

Maximum length of a list is 2³² – 1 elements (4294967295, more than 4 billion of elements per list).

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH tutorials redis
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH tutorials mongodb
(integer) 2
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH tutorials mysql
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE tutorials 0 10
1) "mysql"
2) "mongodb"
3) "redis"

In the above example, three values are inserted in Redis list named ‘tutorials’ by the command LPUSH.

Redis Lists Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to lists.

Redis – Sets

Redis Sets are an unordered collection of unique strings. Unique means sets does not allow repetition of data in a key.

In Redis set add, remove, and test for the existence of members in O(1) (constant time regardless of the number of elements contained inside the Set). The maximum length of a list is 2³² – 1 elements (4294967295, more than 4 billion of elements per set).

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD tutorials redis
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD tutorials mongodb
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD tutorials mysql
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD tutorials mysql
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SMEMBERS tutorials
1) "mysql"
2) "mongodb"
3) "redis"

In the above example, three values are inserted in Redis set named ‘tutorials’ by the command SADD.

Redis Sets Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to sets.

Redis – Sorted Sets

Redis Sorted Sets are similar to Redis Sets with the unique feature of values stored in a set. The difference is, every member of a Sorted Set is associated with a score, that is used in order to take the sorted set ordered, from the smallest to the greatest score.

In Redis sorted set, add, remove, and test for the existence of members in O(1) (constant time regardless of the number of elements contained inside the set). Maximum length of a list is 2³² – 1 elements (4294967295, more than 4 billion of elements per set).

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD tutorials 1 redis
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD tutorials 2 mongodb
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD tutorials 3 mysql
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD tutorials 3 mysql
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD tutorials 4 mysql
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZRANGE tutorials 0 10 WITHSCORES
1) "redis"
2) "1"
3) "mongodb"
4) "2"
5) "mysql"
6) "4"

In the above example, three values are inserted with its score in Redis sorted set named ‘tutorials’ by the command ZADD.

Redis Sorted Sets Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to sorted sets.

Redis – HyperLogLog

Redis HyperLogLog is an algorithm that uses randomization in order to provide an approximation of the number of unique elements in a set using just a constant, and small amount of memory.

HyperLogLog provides a very good approximation of the cardinality of a set even using a very small amount of memory around 12 kbytes per key with a standard error of 0.81%. There is no limit to the number of items you can count, unless you approach 2⁶⁴ items.

Example

Following example explains how Redis HyperLogLog works.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PFADD tutorials "redis"
1) (integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PFADD tutorials "mongodb"
1) (integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PFADD tutorials "mysql"
1) (integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PFCOUNT tutorials
(integer) 3

Redis HyperLogLog Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to Redis HyperLogLog.

Redis – Publish Subscribe

Redis Pub/Sub implements the messaging system where the senders (in redis terminology called publishers) sends the messages while the receivers (subscribers) receive them. The link by which the messages are transferred is called channel.

In Redis, a client can subscribe any number of channels.

Example

Following example explains how publish subscriber concept works. In the following example, one client subscribes a channel named ‘redisChat’.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SUBSCRIBE redisChat
Reading messages... (press Ctrl-C to quit)
1) "subscribe"
2) "redisChat"
3) (integer) 1

Now, two clients are publishing the messages on the same channel named ‘redisChat’ and the above subscribed client is receiving messages.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH redisChat "Redis is a great caching technique"
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH redisChat "Learn redis by tutorials point"
(integer) 1
1) "message"
2) "redisChat"
3) "Redis is a great caching technique"
1) "message"
2) "redisChat"
3) "Learn redis by tutorials point"

Redis PubSub Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to Redis Pub/Sub.

Redis – Transactions

Redis transactions allow the execution of a group of commands in a single step. Following are the two properties of Transactions.

• All commands in a transaction are sequentially executed as a single isolated operation. It is not possible that a request issued by another client is served in the middle of the execution of a Redis transaction.

• Redis transaction is also atomic. Atomic means either all of the commands or none are processed.

Sample

Redis transaction is initiated by command MULTI and then you need to pass a list of commands that should be executed in the transaction, after which the entire transaction is executed by EXEC command.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
OK
List of commands here
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXEC

Example

Following example explains how Redis transaction can be initiated and executed.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET tutorial redis
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET tutorial
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR visitors
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXEC
1) OK
2) "redis"
3) (integer) 1

Redis Transaction Commands

Following table shows some basic commands related to Redis transactions.

Redis – Scripting

Redis scripting is used to evaluate scripts using the Lua interpreter. It is built into Redis starting from version 2.6.0. The command used for scripting is EVAL command.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of EVAL command.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EVAL script numkeys key [key ...] arg [arg ...]

Example

Following example explains how Redis scripting works.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EVAL "return {KEYS[1],KEYS[2],ARGV[1],ARGV[2]}" 2 key1
key2 first second
1) "key1"
2) "key2"
3) "first"
4) "second"

Redis Scripting Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to Redis Scripting.

Redis – Connections

Redis connection commands are basically used to manage client connections with Redis server.

Example

Following example explains how a client authenticates itself to Redis server and checks whether the server is running or not.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> AUTH "password"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PING
PONG

Redis Connection Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to Redis connections.

Redis – Server

Redis server commands are basically used to manage Redis server.

Example

Following example explains how we can get all statistics and information about the server.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INFO

# Server
redis_version:2.8.13
redis_git_sha1:00000000
redis_git_dirty:0
redis_build_id:c2238b38b1edb0e2
redis_mode:standalone
os:Linux 3.5.0-48-generic x86_64
arch_bits:64
multiplexing_api:epoll
gcc_version:4.7.2
process_id:3856
run_id:0e61abd297771de3fe812a3c21027732ac9f41fe
tcp_port:6379
uptime_in_seconds:11554
uptime_in_days:0 hz:10
lru_clock:16651447
config_file:

# Clients
connected_clients:1
client_longest_output_list:0
client_biggest_input_buf:0
blocked_clients:0

# Memory
used_memory:589016
used_memory_human:575.21K
used_memory_rss:2461696
used_memory_peak:667312
used_memory_peak_human:651.67K
used_memory_lua:33792
mem_fragmentation_ratio:4.18
mem_allocator:jemalloc-3.6.0

# Persistence
loading:0
rdb_changes_since_last_save:3
rdb_bgsave_in_progress:0
rdb_last_save_time:1409158561
rdb_last_bgsave_status:ok
rdb_last_bgsave_time_sec:0
rdb_current_bgsave_time_sec:-1
aof_enabled:0
aof_rewrite_in_progress:0
aof_rewrite_scheduled:0
aof_last_rewrite_time_sec:-1
aof_current_rewrite_time_sec:-1
aof_last_bgrewrite_status:ok
aof_last_write_status:ok

# Stats
total_connections_received:24
total_commands_processed:294
instantaneous_ops_per_sec:0
rejected_connections:0
sync_full:0
sync_partial_ok:0
sync_partial_err:0
expired_keys:0
evicted_keys:0
keyspace_hits:41
keyspace_misses:82
pubsub_channels:0
pubsub_patterns:0
latest_fork_usec:264

# Replication
role:master
connected_slaves:0
master_repl_offset:0
repl_backlog_active:0
repl_backlog_size:1048576
repl_backlog_first_byte_offset:0
repl_backlog_histlen:0

# CPU
used_cpu_sys:10.49
used_cpu_user:4.96
used_cpu_sys_children:0.00
used_cpu_user_children:0.01

# Keyspace
db0:keys = 94,expires = 1,avg_ttl = 41638810
db1:keys = 1,expires = 0,avg_ttl = 0
db3:keys = 1,expires = 0,avg_ttl = 0

Redis Server Commands

Following table lists some basic commands related to Redis server.

Redis – Backup

Redis SAVE command is used to create a backup of the current Redis database.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of redis SAVE command.

127.0.0.1:6379> SAVE

Example

Following example creates a backup of the current database.

127.0.0.1:6379> SAVE
OK

This command will create a dump.rdb file in your Redis directory.

Restore Redis Data

To restore Redis data, move Redis backup file (dump.rdb) into your Redis directory and start the server. To get your Redis directory, use CONFIG command of Redis as shown below.

127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG get dir
1) "dir"
2) "/user/tutorialspoint/redis-2.8.13/src"

In the output of the above command /user/tutorialspoint/redis-2.8.13/src is the directory, where Redis server is installed.

Bgsave

To create Redis backup, an alternate command BGSAVE is also available. This command will start the backup process and run this in the background.

Example

127.0.0.1:6379> BGSAVE
Background saving started

Redis – Security

Redis database can be secured, such that any client making a connection needs to authenticate before executing a command. To secure Redis, you need to set the password in the config file.

Example

Following example shows the steps to secure your Redis instance.

127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG get requirepass
1) "requirepass"
2) ""

By default, this property is blank, which means no password is set for this instance. You can change this property by executing the following command.

127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG set requirepass "tutorialspoint"
OK
127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG get requirepass
1) "requirepass"
2) "tutorialspoint"

After setting the password, if any client runs the command without authentication, then (error) NOAUTH Authentication required. error will return. Hence, the client needs to use AUTH command to authenticate himself.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of AUTH command.

127.0.0.1:6379> AUTH password

Example

127.0.0.1:6379> AUTH "tutorialspoint"
OK
127.0.0.1:6379> SET mykey "Test value"
OK
127.0.0.1:6379> GET mykey
"Test value"

Redis – Benchmarks

Redis benchmark is the utility to check the performance of Redis by running n commands simultaneously.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of Redis benchmark.

redis-benchmark [option] [option value]

Example

Following example checks Redis by calling 100000 commands.

redis-benchmark -n 100000

PING_INLINE: 141043.72 requests per second
PING_BULK: 142857.14 requests per second
SET: 141442.72 requests per second
GET: 145348.83 requests per second
INCR: 137362.64 requests per second
LPUSH: 145348.83 requests per second
LPOP: 146198.83 requests per second
SADD: 146198.83 requests per second
SPOP: 149253.73 requests per second
LPUSH (needed to benchmark LRANGE): 148588.42 requests per second
LRANGE_100 (first 100 elements): 58411.21 requests per second
LRANGE_300 (first 300 elements): 21195.42 requests per second
LRANGE_500 (first 450 elements): 14539.11 requests per second
LRANGE_600 (first 600 elements): 10504.20 requests per second
MSET (10 keys): 93283.58 requests per second

Following is a list of available options in Redis benchmark.

Example

Following example shows the multiple usage options in Redis benchmark utility.

redis-benchmark -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6379 -t set,lpush -n 100000 -q

SET: 146198.83 requests per second
LPUSH: 145560.41 requests per second

Redis – Client Connection

Redis accepts clients’ connections on the configured listening TCP port and on the Unix socket, if enabled. When a new client connection is accepted, the following operations are performed −

• The client socket is put in non-blocking state since Redis uses multiplexing and non-blocking I/O.

• The TCP_NODELAY option is set in order to ensure that we don”t have delays in our connection.

• A readable file event is created so that Redis is able to collect the client queries as soon as new data is available to be read on the socket.

Maximum Number of Clients

In Redis config (redis.conf), there is a property called maxclients, which describes the maximum number of clients that can connect to Redis.

Following is the basic syntax of command.

config get maxclients

1) "maxclients"
2) "10000"

By default, this property is set to 10000 (depending upon the maximum number of file descriptors limit of OS), although you can change this property.

Example

In the following example, we have set the maximum number of clients to 100000, while starting the server.

redis-server --maxclients 100000

Client Commands

Redis – Pipelining

Redis is a TCP server and supports request/response protocol. In Redis, a request is accomplished with the following steps −

• The client sends a query to the server, and reads from the socket, usually in a blocking way, for the server response.

• The server processes the command and sends the response back to the client.

Meaning of Pipelining

The basic meaning of pipelining is, the client can send multiple requests to the server without waiting for the replies at all, and finally reads the replies in a single step.

Example

To check the Redis pipelining, just start the Redis instance and type the following command in the terminal.

$(echo -en "PINGrn SET tutorial redisrnGET tutorialrnINCR
visitorrnINCR visitorrnINCR visitorrn"; sleep 10) | nc localhost 6379
+PONG
+OK
redis
:1
:2
:3

In the above example, we will check Redis connection by using PING command. We have set a string named tutorial with value redis. Later, we get that keys value and increment the visitor number three times. In the result, we can see that all commands are submitted to Redis once, and Redis provides the output of all commands in a single step.

Benefits of Pipelining

The benefit of this technique is a drastically improved protocol performance. The speedup gained by pipelining ranges from a factor of five for connections to localhost up to a factor of at least one hundred over slower internet connections.

Redis – Partitioning

Partitioning is the process of splitting your data into multiple Redis instances, so that every instance will only contain a subset of your keys.

Benefits of Partitioning

• It allows for much larger databases, using the sum of the memory of many computers. Without partitioning you are limited to the amount of memory that a single computer can support.

• It allows to scale the computational power to multiple cores and multiple computers, and the network bandwidth to multiple computers and network adapters.

Disadvantages of Partitioning

• Operations involving multiple keys are usually not supported. For instance, you can”t perform the intersection between two sets if they are stored in the keys that are mapped to different Redis instances.

• Redis transactions involving multiple keys cannot be used.

• The partitioning granuliary is the key, so it is not possible to shard a dataset with a single huge key like a very big sorted set.

• When partitioning is used, data handling is more complex. For instance, you have to handle multiple RDB/AOF files, and to get a backup of your data you need to aggregate the persistence files from multiple instances and hosts.

• Adding and removing the capacity can be complex. For instance, Redis Cluster supports mostly transparent rebalancing of data with the ability to add and remove nodes at runtime. However, other systems like client-side partitioning and proxies don”t support this feature. A technique called Presharding helps in this regard.

Types of Partitioning

There are two types of partitioning available in Redis. Suppose we have four Redis instances, R0, R1, R2, R3 and many keys representing users like user:1, user:2, … and so forth.

Range Partitioning

Range partitioning is accomplished by mapping ranges of objects into specific Redis instances. Suppose in our example, the users from ID 0 to ID 10000 will go into instance R0, while the users from ID 10001 to ID 20000 will go into instance R1 and so forth.

Hash Partitioning

In this type of partitioning, a hash function (eg. modulus function) is used to convert the key into a number and then the data is stored in different-different Redis instances.

Redis – Java

Before you start using Redis in your Java programs, you need to make sure that you have Redis Java driver and Java set up on the machine. You can check our Java tutorial for Java installation on your machine.

Installation

Now, let us see how to set up Redis Java driver.

• You need to download the jar from the path . Make sure to download the latest release of it.

• You need to include the jedis.jar into your classpath.

Connect to Redis Server

import redis.clients.jedis.Jedis;

public class RedisJava {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      //Connecting to Redis server on localhost
      Jedis jedis = new Jedis("localhost");
      System.out.println("Connection to server sucessfully");
      //check whether server is running or not
      System.out.println("Server is running: "+jedis.ping());
   }
}

Now, let”s compile and run the above program to test the connection to Redis server. You can change your path as per your requirement. We are assuming the current version of jedis.jar is available in the current path.

$javac RedisJava.java
$java RedisJava
Connection to server sucessfully
Server is running: PONG

Redis Java String Example

import redis.clients.jedis.Jedis;

public class RedisStringJava {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      //Connecting to Redis server on localhost
      Jedis jedis = new Jedis("localhost");
      System.out.println("Connection to server sucessfully");
      //set the data in redis string
      jedis.set("tutorial-name", "Redis tutorial");
      // Get the stored data and print it
      System.out.println("Stored string in redis:: "+ jedis.get("tutorialname"));
   }
}

Now, let”s compile and run the above program.

$javac RedisStringJava.java
$java RedisStringJava
Connection to server sucessfully
Stored string in redis:: Redis tutorial

Redis Java List Example

import redis.clients.jedis.Jedis;

public class RedisListJava {
   public static void main(String[] args) {

      //Connecting to Redis server on localhost
      Jedis jedis = new Jedis("localhost");
      System.out.println("Connection to server sucessfully");

      //store data in redis list
      jedis.lpush("tutorial-list", "Redis");
      jedis.lpush("tutorial-list", "Mongodb");
      jedis.lpush("tutorial-list", "Mysql");
      // Get the stored data and print it
      List<String> list = jedis.lrange("tutorial-list", 0 ,5);

      for(int i = 0; i<list.size(); i++) {
         System.out.println("Stored string in redis:: "+list.get(i));
      }
   }
}

Now, let”s compile and run the above program.

$javac RedisListJava.java
$java RedisListJava
Connection to server sucessfully
Stored string in redis:: Redis
Stored string in redis:: Mongodb
Stored string in redis:: Mysql

Redis Java Keys Example

import redis.clients.jedis.Jedis;

public class RedisKeyJava {
   public static void main(String[] args) {

      //Connecting to Redis server on localhost
      Jedis jedis = new Jedis("localhost");
      System.out.println("Connection to server sucessfully");
      //store data in redis list
      // Get the stored data and print it
      List<String> list = jedis.keys("*");

      for(int i = 0; i<list.size(); i++) {
         System.out.println("List of stored keys:: "+list.get(i));
      }
   }
}

Now, let”s compile and run the above program.

$javac RedisKeyJava.java
$java RedisKeyJava
Connection to server sucessfully
List of stored keys:: tutorial-name
List of stored keys:: tutorial-list

Redis – PHP

Before you start using Redis in your PHP programs, you need to make sure that you have Redis PHP driver and PHP set up on the machine. You can check PHP tutorial for PHP installation on your machine.

Installation

Now, let us check how to set up Redis PHP driver.

You need to download the phpredis from github repository . Once you’ve downloaded it, extract the files to phpredis directory. On Ubuntu, install the following extension.

cd phpredis
sudo phpize
sudo ./configure
sudo make
sudo make install

Now, copy and paste the content of “modules” folder to the PHP extension directory and add the following lines in php.ini.

extension = redis.so

Now, your Redis PHP installation is complete

Connect to Redis Server

<?php
   //Connecting to Redis server on localhost
   $redis = new Redis();
   $redis->connect(''127.0.0.1'', 6379);
   echo "Connection to server sucessfully";
   //check whether server is running or not
   echo "Server is running: ".$redis->ping();
?>

When the program is executed, it will produce the following result.

Connection to server sucessfully
Server is running: PONG

Redis PHP String Example

<?php
   //Connecting to Redis server on localhost
   $redis = new Redis();
   $redis->connect(''127.0.0.1'', 6379);
   echo "Connection to server sucessfully";
   //set the data in redis string
   $redis->set("tutorial-name", "Redis tutorial");
   // Get the stored data and print it
   echo "Stored string in redis:: " .$redis→get("tutorial-name");
?>

When the above program is executed, it will produce the following result.

Connection to server sucessfully
Stored string in redis:: Redis tutorial

Redis php List Example

<?php
   //Connecting to Redis server on localhost
   $redis = new Redis();
   $redis->connect(''127.0.0.1'', 6379);
   echo "Connection to server sucessfully";
   //store data in redis list
   $redis->lpush("tutorial-list", "Redis");
   $redis->lpush("tutorial-list", "Mongodb");
   $redis->lpush("tutorial-list", "Mysql");

   // Get the stored data and print it
   $arList = $redis->lrange("tutorial-list", 0 ,5);
   echo "Stored string in redis:: ";
   print_r($arList);
?>

When the above program is executed, it will produce the following result.

Connection to server sucessfully
Stored string in redis::
Redis
Mongodb
Mysql

Redis PHP Keys Example

<?php
   //Connecting to Redis server on localhost
   $redis = new Redis();
   $redis->connect(''127.0.0.1'', 6379);
   echo "Connection to server sucessfully";
   // Get the stored keys and print it
   $arList = $redis->keys("*");
   echo "Stored keys in redis:: "
   print_r($arList);
?>

When the program is executed, it will produce the following result.

Connection to server sucessfully
Stored string in redis::
tutorial-name
tutorial-list

Redis is an open source, BSD licensed, advanced key-value store. It is often referred to as a data structure server, since the keys can contain strings, hashes, lists, sets and sorted sets. Redis is written in C. This tutorial provides good understanding on Redis concepts, needed to create and deploy a highly scalable and performance-oriented system.

Redis benchmark is the utility to check the performance of Redis by running n commands simultaneously.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of Redis benchmark.

redis-benchmark [option] [option value]

Example

Following example checks Redis by calling 100000 commands.

redis-benchmark -n 100000

PING_INLINE: 141043.72 requests per second
PING_BULK: 142857.14 requests per second
SET: 141442.72 requests per second
GET: 145348.83 requests per second
INCR: 137362.64 requests per second
LPUSH: 145348.83 requests per second
LPOP: 146198.83 requests per second
SADD: 146198.83 requests per second
SPOP: 149253.73 requests per second
LPUSH (needed to benchmark LRANGE): 148588.42 requests per second
LRANGE_100 (first 100 elements): 58411.21 requests per second
LRANGE_300 (first 300 elements): 21195.42 requests per second
LRANGE_500 (first 450 elements): 14539.11 requests per second
LRANGE_600 (first 600 elements): 10504.20 requests per second
MSET (10 keys): 93283.58 requests per second

Following is a list of available options in Redis benchmark.

Example

Following example shows the multiple usage options in Redis benchmark utility.

redis-benchmark -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6379 -t set,lpush -n 100000 -q

SET: 146198.83 requests per second
LPUSH: 145560.41 requests per second

Redis accepts clients’ connections on the configured listening TCP port and on the Unix socket, if enabled. When a new client connection is accepted, the following operations are performed −

• The client socket is put in non-blocking state since Redis uses multiplexing and non-blocking I/O.

• The TCP_NODELAY option is set in order to ensure that we don”t have delays in our connection.

• A readable file event is created so that Redis is able to collect the client queries as soon as new data is available to be read on the socket.

Maximum Number of Clients

In Redis config (redis.conf), there is a property called maxclients, which describes the maximum number of clients that can connect to Redis.

Following is the basic syntax of command.

config get maxclients

1) "maxclients"
2) "10000"

By default, this property is set to 10000 (depending upon the maximum number of file descriptors limit of OS), although you can change this property.

Example

In the following example, we have set the maximum number of clients to 100000, while starting the server.

redis-server --maxclients 100000

Client Commands

Redis is a TCP server and supports request/response protocol. In Redis, a request is accomplished with the following steps −

• The client sends a query to the server, and reads from the socket, usually in a blocking way, for the server response.

• The server processes the command and sends the response back to the client.

Meaning of Pipelining

The basic meaning of pipelining is, the client can send multiple requests to the server without waiting for the replies at all, and finally reads the replies in a single step.

Example

To check the Redis pipelining, just start the Redis instance and type the following command in the terminal.

$(echo -en "PINGrn SET tutorial redisrnGET tutorialrnINCR
visitorrnINCR visitorrnINCR visitorrn"; sleep 10) | nc localhost 6379
+PONG
+OK
redis
:1
:2
:3

In the above example, we will check Redis connection by using PING command. We have set a string named tutorial with value redis. Later, we get that keys value and increment the visitor number three times. In the result, we can see that all commands are submitted to Redis once, and Redis provides the output of all commands in a single step.

Benefits of Pipelining

The benefit of this technique is a drastically improved protocol performance. The speedup gained by pipelining ranges from a factor of five for connections to localhost up to a factor of at least one hundred over slower internet connections.

Partitioning is the process of splitting your data into multiple Redis instances, so that every instance will only contain a subset of your keys.

Benefits of Partitioning

• It allows for much larger databases, using the sum of the memory of many computers. Without partitioning you are limited to the amount of memory that a single computer can support.

• It allows to scale the computational power to multiple cores and multiple computers, and the network bandwidth to multiple computers and network adapters.

Disadvantages of Partitioning

• Operations involving multiple keys are usually not supported. For instance, you can”t perform the intersection between two sets if they are stored in the keys that are mapped to different Redis instances.

• Redis transactions involving multiple keys cannot be used.

• The partitioning granuliary is the key, so it is not possible to shard a dataset with a single huge key like a very big sorted set.

• When partitioning is used, data handling is more complex. For instance, you have to handle multiple RDB/AOF files, and to get a backup of your data you need to aggregate the persistence files from multiple instances and hosts.

• Adding and removing the capacity can be complex. For instance, Redis Cluster supports mostly transparent rebalancing of data with the ability to add and remove nodes at runtime. However, other systems like client-side partitioning and proxies don”t support this feature. A technique called Presharding helps in this regard.

Types of Partitioning

There are two types of partitioning available in Redis. Suppose we have four Redis instances, R0, R1, R2, R3 and many keys representing users like user:1, user:2, … and so forth.

Range Partitioning

Range partitioning is accomplished by mapping ranges of objects into specific Redis instances. Suppose in our example, the users from ID 0 to ID 10000 will go into instance R0, while the users from ID 10001 to ID 20000 will go into instance R1 and so forth.

Hash Partitioning

In this type of partitioning, a hash function (eg. modulus function) is used to convert the key into a number and then the data is stored in different-different Redis instances.

In Redis, there is a configuration file (redis.conf) available at the root directory of Redis. Although you can get and set all Redis configurations by Redis CONFIG command.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of Redis CONFIG command.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET CONFIG_SETTING_NAME

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET loglevel
1) "loglevel"
2) "notice"

To get all configuration settings, use * in place of CONFIG_SETTING_NAME

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET *
  1) "dbfilename"
  2) "dump.rdb"
  3) "requirepass"
  4) ""
  5) "masterauth"
  6) ""
  7) "unixsocket"
  8) ""
  9) "logfile"
 10) ""
 11) "pidfile"
 12) "/var/run/redis.pid"
 13) "maxmemory"
 14) "0"
 15) "maxmemory-samples"
 16) "3"
 17) "timeout"
 18) "0"
 19) "tcp-keepalive"
 20) "0"
 21) "auto-aof-rewrite-percentage"
 22) "100"
 23) "auto-aof-rewrite-min-size"
 24) "67108864"
 25) "hash-max-ziplist-entries"
 26) "512"
 27) "hash-max-ziplist-value"
 28) "64"
 29) "list-max-ziplist-entries"
 30) "512"
 31) "list-max-ziplist-value"
 32) "64"
 33) "set-max-intset-entries"
 34) "512"
 35) "zset-max-ziplist-entries"
 36) "128"
 37) "zset-max-ziplist-value"
 38) "64"
 39) "hll-sparse-max-bytes"
 40) "3000"
 41) "lua-time-limit"
 42) "5000"
 43) "slowlog-log-slower-than"
 44) "10000"
 45) "latency-monitor-threshold"
 46) "0"
 47) "slowlog-max-len"
 48) "128"
 49) "port"
 50) "6379"
 51) "tcp-backlog"
 52) "511"
 53) "databases"
 54) "16"
 55) "repl-ping-slave-period"
 56) "10"
 57) "repl-timeout"
 58) "60"
 59) "repl-backlog-size"
 60) "1048576"
 61) "repl-backlog-ttl"
 62) "3600"
 63) "maxclients"
 64) "4064"
 65) "watchdog-period"
 66) "0"
 67) "slave-priority"
 68) "100"
 69) "min-slaves-to-write"
 70) "0"
 71) "min-slaves-max-lag"
 72) "10"
 73) "hz"
 74) "10"
 75) "no-appendfsync-on-rewrite"
 76) "no"
 77) "slave-serve-stale-data"
 78) "yes"
 79) "slave-read-only"
 80) "yes"
 81) "stop-writes-on-bgsave-error"
 82) "yes"
 83) "daemonize"
 84) "no"
 85) "rdbcompression"
 86) "yes"
 87) "rdbchecksum"
 88) "yes"
 89) "activerehashing"
 90) "yes"
 91) "repl-disable-tcp-nodelay"
 92) "no"
 93) "aof-rewrite-incremental-fsync"
 94) "yes"
 95) "appendonly"
 96) "no"
 97) "dir"
 98) "/home/deepak/Downloads/redis-2.8.13/src"
 99) "maxmemory-policy"
100) "volatile-lru"
101) "appendfsync"
102) "everysec"
103) "save"
104) "3600 1 300 100 60 10000"
105) "loglevel"
106) "notice"
107) "client-output-buffer-limit"
108) "normal 0 0 0 slave 268435456 67108864 60 pubsub 33554432 8388608 60"
109) "unixsocketperm"
110) "0"
111) "slaveof"
112) ""
113) "notify-keyspace-events"
114) ""
115) "bind"
116) ""

Edit Configuration

To update configuration, you can edit redis.conf file directly or you can update configurations via CONFIG set command.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of CONFIG SET command.

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG SET CONFIG_SETTING_NAME NEW_CONFIG_VALUE

Example

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG SET loglevel "notice"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET loglevel
1) "loglevel"
2) "notice"