Category: mariadb

  • Khóa học miễn phí MariaDB – Connection nhận dự án làm có lương

    MariaDB – Connection



    One way to establish a connection with MariaDB consists of using the mysql binary at the command prompt.

    MYSQL Binary

    Review an example given below.

    [root@host]# mysql -u root -p
    
    Enter password:******
    

    The code given above connects to MariaDB and provides a command prompt for executing SQL commands. After entering the code, a welcome message should appear indicating a successful connection, with the version number displayed.

    Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MariaDB connection id is 122323232
    Server version: 5.5.40-MariaDB-log
    
    Type ''help;'' or ''h'' for help. Type ''c'' to clear the current input statement.
    mysql>
    

    The example uses root access, but any user with privileges can of course access the MariaDB prompt and perform operations.

    Disconnect from MariaDB through the exit command as follows −

    mysql> exit
    

    PHP Connection Script

    Another way to connect to and disconnect from MariaDB consists of employing a PHP script. PHP provides the mysql_connect() function for opening a database connection. It uses five optional parameters, and returns a MariaDB link identifier after a successful connection, or a false on unsuccessful connection. It also provides the mysql_close() function for closing database connections, which uses a single parameter.

    Syntax

    Review the following PHP connection script syntax −

    connection mysql_connect(server,user,passwd,new_link,client_flag);
    

    The description of the parameters is given below −

    Sr.No Parameter & Description
    1

    server

    This optional parameter specifies the host name running the database server. Its default value is “localhost:.3036.”

    2

    user

    This optional parameter specifies the username accessing the database. Its default value is the owner of the server.

    3

    passwd

    This optional parameter specifies the user”s password. Its default value is blank.

    4

    new_link

    This optional parameter specifies that on a second call to mysql_connect() with identical arguments, rather than a new connection, the identifier of the current connection will be returned.

    5

    client flags

    This optional parameter uses a combination of the following constant values −

    • MYSQL_CLIENT_SSL − It uses ssl encryption.

    • MYSQL_CLIENT_COMPRESS − It uses compression protocol.

    • MYSQL_CLIENT_IGNORE_SPACE − It permits space after function names.

    • MYSQL_CLIENT_INTERACTIVE − It permits interactive timeout seconds of inactivity prior to closing the connection.

    Review the PHP disconnection script syntax given below −

    bool mysql_close ( resource $link_identifier );
    

    If you omit the resource, the most recent opened resource will close. It returns a value of true on a successful close, or false.

    Try the following example code to connect with a MariaDB server −

    <html>
       <head>
          <title>Connect to MariaDB Server</title>
       </head>
    
       <body>
          <?php
             $dbhost = ''localhost:3036
             $dbuser = ''guest1
             $dbpass = ''guest1a
             $conn = mysql_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass);
    
             if(! $conn ) {
                die(''Could not connect: '' . mysql_error());
             }
    
             echo ''Connected successfully
             mysql_close($conn);
          ?>
       </body>
    </html>
    

    On successful connection, you will see the following output −

    mysql> Connected successfully
    

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  • Khóa học miễn phí MariaDB – PHP Syntax nhận dự án làm có lương

    MariaDB – PHP Syntax



    MariaDB partners well with a wide variety of programming languages and frameworks such as PHP, C#, JavaScript, Ruby on Rails, Django, and more. PHP remains the most popular of all available languages due to its simplicity and historical footprint. This guide will focus on PHP partnered with MariaDB.

    PHP provides a selection of functions for working with the MySQL database. These functions perform tasks like accessing it or performing operations, and they are fully compatible with MariaDB. Simply call these functions as you would call any other PHP function.

    The PHP functions you will use for MariaDB conform to the following format −

    mysql_function(value,value,...);
    

    The second part of the function specifies its action. Two of the functions used in this guide are as follows −

    mysqli_connect($connect);
    mysqli_query($connect,"SQL statement");
    

    The following example demonstrates the general syntax of a PHP call to a MariaDB function −

    <html>
       <head>
          <title>PHP and MariaDB</title>
       </head>
    
       <body>
          <?php
             $retval = mysql_function(value, [value,...]);
    
             if( !$retval ) {
                die ( "Error: Error message here" );
             }
             // MariaDB or PHP Statements
          ?>
       </body>
    </html>
    

    In the next section, we will examine essential MariaDB tasks, using PHP functions.


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  • Khóa học miễn phí MariaDB – Data Types nhận dự án làm có lương

    MariaDB – Data Types



    Good field definitions are essential for the optimization of your database. The ideal approach requires that you exclusively use a field of the type and size needed. For example, if you will only use a field, five-characters wide, do not define a field, 20-characters wide. Field (or column) types are also known as data types given the data types stored within the field.

    MariaDB data types can be categorized as numeric, date and time, and string values.

    Numeric Data Types

    The numeric data types supported by MariaDB are as follows −

    • TINYINT − This data type represents small integers falling within the signed range of -128 to 127, and the unsigned range of 0 to 255.

    • BOOLEAN − This data type associates a value 0 with “false,” and a value 1 with “true.”

    • SMALLINT − This data type represents integers within the signed range of -32768 to 32768, and the unsigned range of 0 to 65535.

    • MEDIUMINT − This data type represents integers in the signed range of -8388608 to 8388607, and the unsigned range of 0 to 16777215.

    • INT(also INTEGER) − This data type represents an integer of normal size. When marked as unsigned, the range spans 0 to 4294967295. When signed (the default setting), the range spans -2147483648 to 2147483647. When a column is set to ZEROFILL( an unsigned state), all its values are prepended by zeros to place M digits in the INT value.

    • BIGINT − This data type represents integers within the signed range of 9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807, and the unsigned range of 0 to 18446744073709551615.

    • DECIMAL( also DEC, NUMERIC, FIXED)− This data type represents precise fixed-point numbers, with M specifying its digits and D specifying the digits after the decimal. The M value does not add “-” or the decimal point. If D is set to 0, no decimal or fraction part appears and the value will be rounded to the nearest DECIMAL on INSERT. The maximum permitted digits is 65, and the maximum for decimals is 30. Default value for M on omission is 10, and 0 for D on omission.

    • FLOAT − This data type represents a small, floating-point number of the value 0 or a number within the following ranges −

      • -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38

      • 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38

    • DOUBLE (also REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION) − This data type represents normal-size, floating-point numbers of the value 0 or within the following ranges −

      • -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308

      • 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

    • BIT − This data type represents bit fields with M specifying the number of bits per value. On omission of M, the default is 1. Bit values can be applied with “ b’[value]’” in which value represents bit value in 0s and 1s. Zero-padding occurs automatically from the left for full length; for example, “10” becomes “0010.”

    Date and Time Data Types

    The date and time data types supported by MariaDB are as follows −

    • DATE − This data type represents a date range of “1000-01-01” to “9999-12-31,” and uses the “YYYY-MM-DD” date format.

    • TIME − This data type represents a time range of “-838:59:59.999999” to “838:59:59.999999.”

    • DATETIME − This data type represents the range “1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000” to “9999-12-31 23:59:59.999999.” It uses the “YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS” format.

    • TIMESTAMP − This data type represents a timestamp of the “YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:DD” format. It mainly finds use in detailing the time of database modifications, e.g., insertion or update.

    • YEAR − This data type represents a year in 4-digit format. The four-digit format allows values in the range of 1901 to 2155, and 0000.

    String DataTypes

    The string type values supported by MariaDB are as follows −

    • String literals − This data type represents character sequences enclosed by quotes.

    • CHAR − This data type represents a right-padded, fixed-length string containing spaces of specified length. M represents column length of characters in a range of 0 to 255, its default value is 1.

    • VARCHAR − This data type represents a variable-length string, with an M range (maximum column length) of 0 to 65535.

    • BINARY − This data type represents binary byte strings, with M as the column length in bytes.

    • VARBINARY − This data type represents binary byte strings of variable length, with M as column length.

    • TINYBLOB − This data type represents a blob column with a maximum length of 255 (28 – 1) bytes. In storage, each uses a one-byte length prefix indicating the byte quantity in the value.

    • BLOB − This data type represents a blob column with a maximum length of 65,535 (216 – 1) bytes. In storage, each uses a two-byte length prefix indicating the byte quantity in the value.

    • MEDIUMBLOB − This data type represents a blob column with a maximum length of 16,777,215 (224 – 1) bytes. In storage, each uses a three-byte length prefix indicating the byte quantity in the value.

    • LONGBLOB − This data type represents a blob column with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295(232 – 1) bytes. In storage, each uses a four-byte length prefix indicating the byte quantity in the value.

    • TINYTEXT − This data type represents a text column with a maximum length of 255 (28 – 1) characters. In storage, each uses a one-byte length prefix indicating the byte quantity in the value.

    • TEXT − This data type represents a text column with a maximum length of 65,535 (216 – 1) characters. In storage, each uses a two-byte length prefix indicating the byte quantity in the value.

    • MEDIUMTEXT − This data type represents a text column with a maximum length of 16,777,215 (224 – 1) characters. In storage, each uses a three-byte length prefix indicating the byte quantity in the value.

    • LONGTEXT − This data type represents a text column with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 or 4GB (232 – 1) characters. In storage, each uses a four-byte length prefix indicating the byte quantity in the value.

    • ENUM − This data type represents a string object having only a single value from a list.

    • SET − This data type represents a string object having zero or more values from a list, with a maximum of 64 members. SET values present internally as integer values.


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  • Khóa học miễn phí MariaDB – Administration nhận dự án làm có lương

    MariaDB – Administration



    Before attempting to run MariaDB, first determine its current state, running or shutdown. There are three options for starting and stopping MariaDB −

    • Run mysqld (the MariaDB binary).
    • Run the mysqld_safe startup script.
    • Run the mysql.server startup script.

    If you installed MariaDB in a non-standard location, you may have to edit location information in the script files. Stop MariaDB by simply adding a “stop” parameter with the script.

    If you would like to start it automatically under Linux, add startup scripts to your init system. Each distribution has a different procedure. Refer to your system documentation.

    Creating a User Account

    Create a new user account with the following code −

    CREATE USER ''newusername''@''localhost'' IDENTIFIED BY ''userpassword
    

    This code adds a row to the user table with no privileges. You also have the option to use a hash value for the password. Grant the user privileges with the following code −

    GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON database1 TO ''newusername''@''localhost
    

    Other privileges include just about every command or operation possible in MariaDB. After creating a user, execute a “FLUSH PRIVILEGES” command in order to refresh grant tables. This allows the user account to be used.

    The Configuration File

    After a build on Unix/Linux, the configuration file “/etc/mysql/my.cnf” should be edited to appear as follow −

    # Example mysql config file.
    # You can copy this to one of:
    # /etc/my.cnf to set global options,
    # /mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to get server specific options or
    # ~/my.cnf for user specific options.
    
    #
    
    # One can use all long options that the program supports.
    # Run the program with --help to get a list of available options
    
    # This will be passed to all mysql clients
    [client]
    #password = my_password
    #port = 3306
    #socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
    
    # Here is entries for some specific programs
    # The following values assume you have at least 32M ram
    
    # The MySQL server
    [mysqld]
    #port = 3306
    #socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
    temp-pool
    
    # The following three entries caused mysqld 10.0.1-MariaDB (and possibly other
       versions) to abort...
    # skip-locking
    # set-variable = key_buffer = 16M
    # set-variable = thread_cache = 4
    
    loose-innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:1000M
    loose-mutex-deadlock-detector
    gdb
    
    ######### Fix the two following paths
    
    # Where you want to have your database
    data = /path/to/data/dir
    
    # Where you have your mysql/MariaDB source + sql/share/english
    language = /path/to/src/dir/sql/share/english
    
    [mysqldump]
    quick
    MariaDB
    8
    set-variable = max_allowed_packet=16M
    [mysql]
    no-auto-rehash
    
    [myisamchk]
    set-variable = key_buffer = 128M
    

    Edit the lines “data= ” and “language= ” to match your environment.

    After file modification, navigate to the source directory and execute the following −

    ./scripts/mysql_install_db --srcdir = $PWD --datadir = /path/to/data/dir --
       user = $LOGNAME
    

    Omit the “$PWD” variable if you added datadir to the configuration file. Ensure “$LOGNAME” is used when running version 10.0.1 of MariaDB.

    Administration Commands

    Review the following list of important commands you will regularly use when working with MariaDB −

    • USE [database name] − Sets the current default database.

    • SHOW DATABASES − Lists the databases currently on the server.

    • SHOW TABLES − Lists all non-temporary tables.

    • SHOW COLUMNS FROM [table name] − Provides column information pertaining to the specified table.

    • SHOW INDEX FROM TABLENAME [table name] − Provides table index information relating to the specified table.

    • SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE [table name]G – − Provides tables with information about non-temporary tables, and the pattern that appears after the LIKE clause is used to fetch table names.


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  • Khóa học miễn phí MariaDB – Drop Database nhận dự án làm có lương

    MariaDB – Drop Database



    Creation or deletion of databases in MariaDB requires privileges, typically, only given to root users or admins. Under these accounts, you have two options for deleting a database: the mysqladmin binary and a PHP script.

    Note that deleted databases are irrecoverable, so exercise care in performing this operation. Furthermore, PHP scripts used for deletion do not prompt you with a confirmation before the deletion.

    mysqladmin binary

    The following example demonstrates how to use the mysqladmin binary to delete an existing database −

    [root@host]# mysqladmin -u root -p drop PRODUCTS
    Enter password:******
    mysql> DROP PRODUCTS
    ERROR 1008 (HY000): Can''t drop database ''PRODUCTS database doesn''t exist
    

    PHP Drop Database Script

    PHP employs the mysql_query function in deleting MariaDB databases. The function uses two parameters, one optional, and returns either a value of “true” when successful, or “false” when not.

    Syntax

    Review the following drop database script syntax −

    bool mysql_query( sql, connection );
    

    The description of the parameters is given below −

    Sr.No Parameter & Description
    1

    sql

    This required parameter consists of the SQL query needed to perform the operation.

    2

    connection

    When not specified, this optional parameter uses the most recent connection used.

    Try the following example code for deleting a database −

    <html>
       <head>
          <title>Delete a MariaDB Database</title>
       </head>
    
       <body>
          <?php
             $dbhost = ''localhost:3036
             $dbuser = ''root
             $dbpass = ''rootpassword
             $conn = mysql_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass);
    
             if(! $conn ) {
                die(''Could not connect: '' . mysql_error());
             }
             echo ''Connected successfully<br />
    
             $sql = ''DROP DATABASE PRODUCTS
             $retval = mysql_query( $sql, $conn );
    
             if(! $retval ){
                die(''Could not delete database: '' . mysql_error());
             }
    
             echo "Database PRODUCTS deleted successfullyn";
             mysql_close($conn);
          ?>
       </body>
    </html>
    

    On successful deletion, you will see the following output −

    mysql> Database PRODUCTS deleted successfully
    

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  • Khóa học miễn phí MariaDB – Create Database nhận dự án làm có lương

    MariaDB – Create Database



    Creation or deletion of databases in MariaDB requires privileges typically only given to root users or admins. Under these accounts, you have two options for creating a database − the mysqladmin binary and a PHP script.

    mysqladmin binary

    The following example demonstrates the use of the mysqladmin binary in creating a database with the name Products

    [root@host]# mysqladmin -u root -p create PRODUCTS
    Enter password:******
    

    PHP Create Database Script

    PHP employs the mysql_query function in creating a MariaDB database. The function uses two parameters, one optional, and returns either a value of “true” when successful, or “false” when not.

    Syntax

    Review the following create database script syntax −

    bool mysql_query( sql, connection );
    

    The description of the parameters is given below −

    S.No Parameter & Description
    1

    sql

    This required parameter consists of the SQL query needed to perform the operation.

    2

    connection

    When not specified, this optional parameter uses the most recent connection used.

    Try the following example code for creating a database −

    <html>
       <head>
          <title>Create a MariaDB Database</title>
       </head>
    
       <body>
          <?php
             $dbhost = ''localhost:3036
             $dbuser = ''root
             $dbpass = ''rootpassword
             $conn = mysql_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass);
    
             if(! $conn ) {
                die(''Could not connect: '' . mysql_error());
             }
    
             echo ''Connected successfully<br />
             $sql = ''CREATE DATABASE PRODUCTS
             $retval = mysql_query( $sql, $conn );
    
             if(! $retval ) {
                die(''Could not create database: '' . mysql_error());
             }
    
             echo "Database PRODUCTS created successfullyn";
             mysql_close($conn);
          ?>
       </body>
    </html>
    

    On successful deletion, you will see the following output −

    mysql> Database PRODUCTS created successfully
    mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
    +-----------------------+
    | Database              |
    +-----------------------+
    | PRODUCTS              |
    +-----------------------+
    

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