A PreparedStatement object has the ability to use input and output streams to supply parameter data. This enables you to place entire files into database columns that can hold large values, such as CLOB and BLOB data types.

There are following methods, which can be used to stream data −

• setAsciiStream() − This method is used to supply large ASCII values.

• setCharacterStream() − This method is used to supply large UNICODE values.

• setBinaryStream() − This method is used to supply large binary values.

The setXXXStream() method requires an extra parameter, the file size, besides the parameter placeholder. This parameter informs the driver how much data should be sent to the database using the stream.

This example would create a database table XML_Data and then XML content would be written into this table.

Copy and paste the following example in TestApplication.java, compile and run as follows −

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class TestApplication {
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
   static final String USER = "guest";
   static final String PASS = "guest123";
   static final String QUERY = "SELECT Data FROM XML_Data WHERE id=100";
   static final String INSERT_QUERY="INSERT INTO XML_Data VALUES (?,?)";
   static final String CREATE_TABLE_QUERY = "CREATE TABLE XML_Data (id INTEGER, Data LONG)";
   static final String DROP_TABLE_QUERY = "DROP TABLE XML_Data";
   static final String XML_DATA = "<Employee><id>100</id><first>Zara</first><last>Ali</last><Salary>10000</Salary><Dob>18-08-1978</Dob></Employee>";

   public static void createXMLTable(Statement stmt)
      throws SQLException{
      System.out.println("Creating XML_Data table..." );
      //Drop table first if it exists.
      try{
         stmt.executeUpdate(DROP_TABLE_QUERY);
      }catch(SQLException se){
      }
      stmt.executeUpdate(CREATE_TABLE_QUERY);
   }

   public static void main(String[] args) {
      // Open a connection
      try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
         Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
         PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(INSERT_QUERY);
      ) {
         createXMLTable(stmt);

         ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(XML_DATA.getBytes());

         pstmt.setInt(1,100);
         pstmt.setAsciiStream(2,bis,XML_DATA.getBytes().length);
         pstmt.execute();

         //Close input stream
         bis.close();

         ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY);
         // Get the first row
         if (rs.next ()){
            //Retrieve data from input stream
            InputStream xmlInputStream = rs.getAsciiStream (1);
            int c;
            ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            while (( c = xmlInputStream.read ()) != -1)
               bos.write(c);
            //Print results
            System.out.println(bos.toString());
         }
         // Clean-up environment
         rs.close();

      } catch (SQLException | IOException e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:>javac TestApplication.java
C:>

When you run TestApplication, it produces the following result −

C:>java TestApplication
Creating XML_Data table...
<Employee><id>100</id><first>Zara</first><last>Ali</last><Salary>10000</Salary><Dob>18-08-1978</Dob></Employee>
C:>

Batch Processing allows you to group related SQL statements into a batch and submit them with one call to the database.

When you send several SQL statements to the database at once, you reduce the amount of communication overhead, thereby improving performance.

• JDBC drivers are not required to support this feature. You should use the DatabaseMetaData.supportsBatchUpdates() method to determine if the target database supports batch update processing. The method returns true if your JDBC driver supports this feature.

• The addBatch() method of Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement is used to add individual statements to the batch. The executeBatch() is used to start the execution of all the statements grouped together.

• The executeBatch() returns an array of integers, and each element of the array represents the update count for the respective update statement.

• Just as you can add statements to a batch for processing, you can remove them with the clearBatch() method. This method removes all the statements you added with the addBatch() method. However, you cannot selectively choose which statement to remove.

Batching with Statement Object

Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with Statement Object −

• Create a Statement object using either createStatement() methods.

• Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().

• Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on created statement object.

• Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement object.

• Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

Example

The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using Statement object −

// Create statement object
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

// Set auto-commit to false
conn.setAutoCommit(false);

// Create SQL statement
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
             "VALUES(200,''Zia'', ''Ali'', 30)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create one more SQL statement
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
             "VALUES(201,''Raj'', ''Kumar'', 35)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create one more SQL statement
String SQL = "UPDATE Employees SET age = 35 " +
             "WHERE id = 100";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create an int[] to hold returned values
int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();

//Explicitly commit statements to apply changes
conn.commit();

Batching with PrepareStatement Object

Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with PrepareStatement Object −

• Create SQL statements with placeholders.

• Create PrepareStatement object using either prepareStatement() methods.

• Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().

• Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on created statement object.

• Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement object.

• Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using PrepareStatement object −

// Create SQL statement
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
             "VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?)";

// Create PrepareStatement object
PreparedStatemen pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);

//Set auto-commit to false
conn.setAutoCommit(false);

// Set the variables
pstmt.setInt( 1, 400 );
pstmt.setString( 2, "Pappu" );
pstmt.setString( 3, "Singh" );
pstmt.setInt( 4, 33 );
// Add it to the batch
pstmt.addBatch();

// Set the variables
pstmt.setInt( 1, 401 );
pstmt.setString( 2, "Pawan" );
pstmt.setString( 3, "Singh" );
pstmt.setInt( 4, 31 );
// Add it to the batch
pstmt.addBatch();

//add more batches
.
.
.
.
//Create an int[] to hold returned values
int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();

//Explicitly commit statements to apply changes
conn.commit();

Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with PrepareStatement Object −

• Create SQL statements with placeholders.

• Create PrepareStatement object using either prepareStatement() methods.

• Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().

• Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on created statement object.

• Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement object.

• Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in the previous chapters.

Copy and paste the following example in TestApplication.java, compile and run as follows −

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class TestApplication {
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
   static final String USER = "guest";
   static final String PASS = "guest123";
   static final String INSERT_QUERY = "INSERT INTO Employees(first,last,age) VALUES(?, ?, ?)";

   public static void printResultSet(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException{
      // Ensure we start with first row
      rs.beforeFirst();
      while(rs.next()){
         // Display values
         System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
         System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
         System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
         System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
      }
      System.out.println();
   }

   public static void main(String[] args) {
      // Open a connection
      try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
         PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(INSERT_QUERY,
            ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,
            ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE)
      ) {
         conn.setAutoCommit(false);

         ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("Select * from Employees");
         printResultSet(rs);

         // Set the variables
         stmt.setString( 1, "Pappu" );
         stmt.setString( 2, "Singh" );
         stmt.setInt( 3, 33 );
         // Add it to the batch
         stmt.addBatch();

         // Set the variables
         stmt.setString( 1, "Pawan" );
         stmt.setString( 2, "Singh" );
         stmt.setInt( 3, 31 );
         // Add it to the batch
         stmt.addBatch();

         // Create an int[] to hold returned values
         int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();

         //Explicitly commit statements to apply changes
         conn.commit();

         rs = stmt.executeQuery("Select * from Employees");
         printResultSet(rs);

         stmt.close();
         rs.close();

      } catch (SQLException e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:>javac TestApplication.java
C:>

When you run TestApplication, it produces the following result −

C:>java TestApplication
ID: 1, Age: 23, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 2, Age: 30, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 3, Age: 35, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 4, Age: 33, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
ID: 5, Age: 40, First: John, Last: Paul
ID: 7, Age: 35, First: Sita, Last: Singh
ID: 8, Age: 20, First: Rita, Last: Tez
ID: 9, Age: 20, First: Sita, Last: Singh
ID: 10, Age: 30, First: Zia, Last: Ali
ID: 11, Age: 35, First: Raj, Last: Kumar

ID: 1, Age: 23, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 2, Age: 30, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 3, Age: 35, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 4, Age: 33, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
ID: 5, Age: 40, First: John, Last: Paul
ID: 7, Age: 35, First: Sita, Last: Singh
ID: 8, Age: 20, First: Rita, Last: Tez
ID: 9, Age: 20, First: Sita, Last: Singh
ID: 10, Age: 30, First: Zia, Last: Ali
ID: 11, Age: 35, First: Raj, Last: Kumar
ID: 12, Age: 33, First: Pappu, Last: Singh
ID: 13, Age: 31, First: Pawan, Last: Singh
C:>

Once you are done with your changes and you want to commit the changes then call commit() method on connection object as follows −

conn.commit( );

Otherwise, to roll back updates to the database made using the Connection named conn, use the following code −

conn.rollback( );

The following example illustrates the use of a commit and rollback object −

try{
   //Assume a valid connection object conn
   conn.setAutoCommit(false);
   Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

   String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees  " +
                "VALUES (106, 20, ''Rita'', ''Tez'')";
   stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
   //Submit a malformed SQL statement that breaks
   String SQL = "INSERTED IN Employees  " +
                "VALUES (107, 22, ''Sita'', ''Singh'')";
   stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
   // If there is no error.
   conn.commit();
}catch(SQLException se){
   // If there is any error.
   conn.rollback();
}

In this case, none of the above INSERT statement would success and everything would be rolled back.

Following is the example, which makes use of commit and rollback described.

This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in the previous chapters.

Copy and paste the following example in TestApplication.java, compile and run as follows −

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class TestApplication {
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
   static final String USER = "guest";
   static final String PASS = "guest123";
   static final String QUERY = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
   static final String INSERT_QUERY = "INSERT INTO Employees (first, last, age) values(''Rita'', ''Tez'', 20)";
   static final String INSERT_QUERY_2 = "INSERT INTO Employees (first, last, age) values(''Sita'', ''Singh'', 20)";

   public static void printResultSet(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException{
      // Ensure we start with first row
      rs.beforeFirst();
      while(rs.next()){
         // Display values
         System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
         System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
         System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
         System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
      }
      System.out.println();
   }

   public static void main(String[] args) {

      Connection conn = null;
      Statement stmt = null;
      try{
         // Open a connection
         System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
         conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

         // Set auto commit as false.
         conn.setAutoCommit(false);

         // Execute a query to create statment with
         // required arguments for RS example.
         System.out.println("Creating statement...");
         stmt = conn.createStatement(
            ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,
            ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

         // INSERT a row into Employees table
         System.out.println("Inserting one row....");
         stmt.executeUpdate(INSERT_QUERY);

         // INSERT one more row into Employees table
         stmt.executeUpdate(INSERT_QUERY_2);

         // Commit data here.
         System.out.println("Commiting data here....");
         conn.commit();

         // Now list all the available records.
         String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
         ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
         System.out.println("List result set for reference....");
         printResultSet(rs);

         // Clean-up environment
         rs.close();
         stmt.close();
         conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
         // If there is an error then rollback the changes.
         System.out.println("Rolling back data here....");
         try{
            if(conn!=null)
               conn.rollback();
            }catch(SQLException se2){
               se2.printStackTrace();
            }
         }catch(Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
         }finally{
            // finally block used to close resources
         try{
            if(stmt!=null)
               stmt.close();
         }catch(SQLException se2){
            se2.printStackTrace();
         }
            try{
               if(conn!=null)
                  conn.close();
            }catch(SQLException se){
               se.printStackTrace();
         }
      }
   }
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:>javac TestApplication.java
C:>

When you run TestApplication, it produces the following result −

C:>java TestApplication
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
Inserting one row....
Commiting data here....
List result set for reference....
ID: 1, Age: 23, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 2, Age: 30, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 3, Age: 35, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 4, Age: 33, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
ID: 5, Age: 40, First: John, Last: Paul
ID: 6, Age: 20, First: Rita, Last: Tez
ID: 7, Age: 20, First: Sita, Last: Singh
C:>

This tutorial provides an example on how to create a Database using JDBC application. Before executing the following example, make sure you have the following in place −

• You should have admin privilege to create a database in the given schema. To execute the following example, you need to replace the username and password with your actual user name and password.

• Your MySQL is up and running.

Required Steps

The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

• Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.

• Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with the database server.

• To create a new database, you need not give any database name while preparing database URL as mentioned in the below example.

• Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to the database.

• Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the resources.

Sample Code

Copy and paste the following example in TestApplication.java, compile and run as follows −

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class TestApplication {
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/";
   static final String USER = "guest";
   static final String PASS = "guest123";

   public static void main(String[] args) {
      // Open a connection
      try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
         Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
      ) {
         String sql = "CREATE DATABASE STUDENTS";
         stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
         System.out.println("Database created successfully...");
      } catch (SQLException e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:>javac TestApplication.java
C:>

When you run TestApplication, it produces the following result −

C:>java TestApplication
Database created successfully...
C:>

The SQL statements that read data from a database query, return the data in a result set. The SELECT statement is the standard way to select rows from a database and view them in a result set. The java.sql.ResultSet interface represents the result set of a database query.

A ResultSet object maintains a cursor that points to the current row in the result set. The term “result set” refers to the row and column data contained in a ResultSet object.

The methods of the ResultSet interface can be broken down into three categories −

• Navigational methods − Used to move the cursor around.

• Get methods − Used to view the data in the columns of the current row being pointed by the cursor.

• Update methods − Used to update the data in the columns of the current row. The updates can then be updated in the underlying database as well.

The cursor is movable based on the properties of the ResultSet. These properties are designated when the corresponding Statement that generates the ResultSet is created.

JDBC provides the following connection methods to create statements with desired ResultSet −

• createStatement(int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

• prepareStatement(String SQL, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

• prepareCall(String sql, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

The first argument indicates the type of a ResultSet object and the second argument is one of two ResultSet constants for specifying whether a result set is read-only or updatable.

Type of ResultSet

The possible RSType are given below. If you do not specify any ResultSet type, you will automatically get one that is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY.

Concurrency of ResultSet

The possible RSConcurrency are given below. If you do not specify any Concurrency type, you will automatically get one that is CONCUR_READ_ONLY.

All our examples written so far can be written as follows, which initializes a Statement object to create a forward-only, read only ResultSet object −

try(
   Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(
      ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
      ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);)
}
catch(Exception ex) {
   ....
}
finally {
   ....
}

The CallableStatement interface is used to execute a call to a database stored procedure.

Suppose, you need to execute the following stored procedure in TUTORIALSPOINT database −

DELIMITER $$

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS `TUTORIALSPOINT`.`getEmpName` $$
CREATE PROCEDURE `TUTORIALSPOINT`.`getEmpName`
   (IN EMP_ID INT, OUT EMP_FIRST VARCHAR(255))
BEGIN
   SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST
   FROM Employees
   WHERE ID = EMP_ID;
END $$

DELIMITER ;

Three types of parameters exist: IN, OUT, and INOUT. The PreparedStatement object only uses the IN parameter. The CallableStatement object can use all the three.

Here are the definitions of each −

The following code snippet shows how to employ the Connection.prepareCall() method to instantiate a CallableStatement object based on the preceding stored procedure −

CallableStatement cstmt = null;
try {
   String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
   cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
   . . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
   . . .
}
finally {
   . . .
}

The String variable SQL, represents the stored procedure, with parameter placeholders.

Using the CallableStatement objects is much like using the PreparedStatement objects. You must bind values to all the parameters before executing the statement, or you will receive an SQLException.

If you have IN parameters, just follow the same rules and techniques that apply to a PreparedStatement object; use the setXXX() method that corresponds to the Java data type you are binding.

When you use OUT and INOUT parameters you must employ an additional CallableStatement method, registerOutParameter(). The registerOutParameter() method binds the JDBC data type, to the data type that the stored procedure is expected to return.

Once you call your stored procedure, you retrieve the value from the OUT parameter with the appropriate getXXX() method. This method casts the retrieved value of SQL type to a Java data type.

Closing CallableStatement Object

Just as you close other Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the CallableStatement object.

A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first, it will close the CallableStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the CallableStatement object to ensure proper cleanup.

CallableStatement cstmt = null;
try {
   String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
   cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
   . . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
   . . .
}
finally {
   cstmt.close();
}

We”re using try with resources which handles the resource closure automatically. Following example demonstrates all of the above said concepts.

This code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in the previous chapter.

Copy and paste the following example in TestApplication.java, compile and run as follows −

import java.sql.CallableStatement;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class TestApplication {
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
   static final String USER = "guest";
   static final String PASS = "guest123";
   static final String QUERY = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";

   public static void main(String[] args) {
      // Open a connection
      try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
         CallableStatement stmt = conn.prepareCall(QUERY);
      ) {
         // Bind values into the parameters.
         stmt.setInt(1, 102);  // This would set ID
         // Because second parameter is OUT so register it
         stmt.registerOutParameter(2, java.sql.Types.VARCHAR);
         //Use execute method to run stored procedure.
         System.out.println("Executing stored procedure..." );
         stmt.execute();
         //Retrieve employee name with getXXX method
         String empName = stmt.getString(2);
         System.out.println("Emp Name with ID: 102 is " + empName);
      } catch (SQLException e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:>javac TestApplication.java
C:>

When you run TestApplication, it produces the following result −

C:>java TestApplication
Executing stored procedure...
Emp Name with ID: 102 is Zaid
C:>

JDBC SQL Escape Syntax

The escape syntax gives you the flexibility to use database specific features unavailable to you by using standard JDBC methods and properties.

The general SQL escape syntax format is as follows −

{keyword ''parameters''}

Here are the following escape sequences, which you would find very useful while performing the JDBC programming −

d, t, ts Keywords

They help identify date, time, and timestamp literals. As you know, no two DBMSs represent time and date the same way. This escape syntax tells the driver to render the date or time in the target database”s format. For Example −

{d ''yyyy-mm-dd''}

Where yyyy = year, mm = month; dd = date. Using this syntax {d ”2009-09-03”} is March 9, 2009.

Here is a simple example showing how to INSERT date in a table −

//Create a Statement object
stmt = conn.createStatement();
//Insert data ==> ID, First Name, Last Name, DOB
String sql="INSERT INTO STUDENTS VALUES" +
             "(100,''Zara'',''Ali'', {d ''2001-12-16''})";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

Similarly, you can use one of the following two syntaxes, either t or ts −

{t ''hh:mm:ss''}

Where hh = hour; mm = minute; ss = second. Using this syntax {t ”13:30:29”} is 1:30:29 PM.

{ts ''yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss''}

This is combined syntax of the above two syntax for ”d” and ”t” to represent timestamp.

escape Keyword

This keyword identifies the escape character used in LIKE clauses. Useful when using the SQL wildcard %, which matches zero or more characters. For example −

String sql = "SELECT symbol FROM MathSymbols WHERE symbol LIKE ''%'' {escape ''''}";
stmt.execute(sql);

If you use the backslash character () as the escape character, you also have to use two backslash characters in your Java String literal, because the backslash is also a Java escape character.

fn Keyword

This keyword represents scalar functions used in a DBMS. For example, you can use SQL function length to get the length of a string −

{fn length(''Hello World'')}

This returns 11, the length of the character string ”Hello World”.

call Keyword

This keyword is used to call the stored procedures. For example, for a stored procedure requiring an IN parameter, use the following syntax −

{call my_procedure(?)};

For a stored procedure requiring an IN parameter and returning an OUT parameter, use the following syntax −

{? = call my_procedure(?)};

oj Keyword

This keyword is used to signify outer joins. The syntax is as follows −

{oj outer-join}

Where outer-join = table {LEFT|RIGHT|FULL} OUTERJOIN {table | outer-join} on search-condition. For example −

String sql = "SELECT Employees FROM {oj ThisTable RIGHT OUTER JOIN ThatTable on id = ''100''}";
stmt.execute(sql);

To start developing with JDBC, you should setup your JDBC environment by following the steps shown below. We assume that you are working on a Windows platform.

Install Java

Java SE is available for download for free. To download , please download a version compatible with your operating system.

Follow the instructions to download Java, and run the .exe to install Java on your machine. Once you have installed Java on your machine, you would need to set environment variables to point to correct installation directories.

Setting Up the Path for Windows 2000/XP

Assuming you have installed Java in c:Program Filesjavajdk directory −

• Right-click on ”My Computer” and select ”Properties”.

• Click on the ”Environment variables” button under the ”Advanced” tab.

• Now, edit the ”Path” variable and add the path to the Java executable directory at the end of it. For example, if the path is currently set to C:WindowsSystem32, then edit it the following way

C:WindowsSystem32;c:Program Filesjavajdkbin

Setting Up the Path for Windows 95/98/ME

Assuming you have installed Java in c:Program Filesjavajdk directory −

• Edit the ”C:autoexec.bat” file and add the following line at the end −

SET PATH = %PATH%;C:Program Filesjavajdkbin

Setting Up the Path for Linux, UNIX, Solaris, FreeBSD

Environment variable PATH should be set to point to where the Java binaries have been installed. Refer to your shell documentation if you have trouble doing this.

For example, if you use bash as your shell, then you would add the following line at the end of your .bashrc −

export PATH = /path/to/java:$PATH''

You automatically get both JDBC packages java.sql and javax.sql, when you install J2SE Development Kit.

Install MySQL Database

The most important thing you will need, of course is an actual running database with a table that you can query and modify.

• MySQL DB − MySQL is an open source database. You can download it from . We recommend downloading the full Windows installation.

• In addition, download and install as well as These are GUI based tools that will make your development much easier.

• Finally, download and unzip (the MySQL JDBC driver) in a convenient directory. For the purpose of this tutorial we will assume that you have installed the driver at C:Program FilesMySQLmysql-connector-java-5.1.8.

• Accordingly, set CLASSPATH variable to C:Program FilesMySQLmysql-connector-java-5.1.8mysql-connector-java-5.1.8-bin.jar. Your driver version may vary based on your installation.

Set Database Credential

When we install MySQL database, its administrator ID is set to root and it gives provision to set a password of your choice.

Using root ID and password you can either create another user ID and password, or you can use root ID and password for your JDBC application.

There are various database operations like database creation and deletion, which would need administrator ID and password.

For rest of the JDBC tutorial, we would use MySQL Database with guest as ID and guest123 as password.

If you do not have sufficient privilege to create new users, then you can ask your Database Administrator (DBA) to create a user ID and password for you.

Create Database

To create the TUTORIALSPOINT database, use the following steps −

Step 1

Open a Command Prompt and change to the installation directory as follows −

C:>
C:>cd Program FilesMySQLbin
C:Program FilesMySQLbin>

Note − The path to mysqld.exe may vary depending on the install location of MySQL on your system. You can also check documentation on how to start and stop your database server.

Step 2

Start the database server by executing the following command, if it is already not running.

C:Program FilesMySQLbin>mysqld
C:Program FilesMySQLbin>

Step 3

Create the TUTORIALSPOINT database by executing the following command −

C:Program FilesMySQLbin> mysqladmin create TUTORIALSPOINT -u guest -p
Enter password: ********
C:Program FilesMySQLbin>

Create Table

To create the Employees table in TUTORIALSPOINT database, use the following steps −

Step 1

Open a Command Prompt and change to the installation directory as follows −

C:>
C:>cd Program FilesMySQLbin
C:Program FilesMySQLbin>

Step 2

Login to the database as follows −

C:Program FilesMySQLbin>mysql -u guest -p
Enter password: ********
mysql>

Step 3

Create the table Employees as follows −

mysql> use TUTORIALSPOINT;
mysql> create table Employees
    -> (
    -> id int not null,
    -> age int not null,
    -> first varchar (255),
    -> last varchar (255)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
mysql>

Create Data Records

Finally you create few records in Employee table as follows −

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (100, 18, ''Zara'', ''Ali'');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (101, 25, ''Mahnaz'', ''Fatma'');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (102, 30, ''Zaid'', ''Khan'');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (103, 28, ''Sumit'', ''Mittal'');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>

For a complete understanding on MySQL database, study the .

Now you are ready to start experimenting with JDBC. Next chapter gives you a sample example on JDBC Programming.